SMAC-Based WSN Protocol-Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNS) have become an indispensable tool in this epoch of technological advancements, particularly for progress made the Internet things. sensor nodes are deployed to collect and transmit vital data from environment a base station analysis. Nevertheless, limited battery power is rapidly drained when they stay awake extended period. Research has shown that significant sources energy dissipation idle listening, packet collision, control overhead, overhearing. One optimal solution employing low duty cycle mac protocol, (SMAC) protocol. It essential detailed knowledge challenges identified SMAC solutions suggested mitigate these future directions. In paper, we review techniques protocols implemented WSNS. particular, provide highlights recent developments schemes used mitigating present research gaps Finally, discuss open issues need be addressed advance design implementation WSN applications.